GRAMMAR meko. # MEERTENS/KOSTER Affix Grammar for Basic English # # original version 1962, updated 1991/1992 # # Copyright University of Nijmegen. # # This grammar is just a relatively large example # # It is not intended as a contribution to linguistics # # have fun with it! # # VERSION 2.2 # ROOT sentence. # LEXICON dummy DEFINES WORD. #--------------------------META SYNTAX-------------------------# NUMB :: sing | plur. PERS :: first | secnd | third. CASE :: nom | gen | dat | acc. TRAX :: trav | ditr. TRAN :: TRAX | intr. PREP :: none | to | from | at. TENSE :: infi | prpl | papl. TIME :: prst | past. GRAD :: abso | comp | supl. sentence : statement; question; order. statement : SVCO phrase, (coordinator, statement ; ["."]). question : "who ", VCO phrase (NUMB, PERS), ["?"]; vSvCO phrase, ["?"]; localisator, vSvCO phrase, ["?"]; object question, vSvCnO phrase, ["?"]; preposition (PREP), object question, vSvOnC phrase (PREP), ["?"]; xSvCO phrase, ["?"]. order : VCO phrase (plur, secnd), ["!"]. coordinator : ","; "and "; "or "; "but ". localisator : "when "; "where "; "why "; "how ". object question : "what ", [object without determiner]; "which ", object without determiner; "whose ", object without determiner. circumstance : "here "; "there "; "everywhere "; modifier; subordinator, SVCO phrase; localisator, SVCO phrase. subordinator : "if "; "since "; "because "; "although ". #--------------------------SENTENCE PHRASE---------------------# SVCO phrase : [circumstance], subject (NUMB, PERS), VCO phrase (NUMB, PERS). SVOnC phrase (PREP) : subject (NUMB, PERS), VOnC phrase (PREP, NUMB, PERS). SVCnO phrase : subject (NUMB, PERS), VCnO phrase (NUMB, PERS). #--------------------------NOUN PHRASE-------------------------# subject (NUMB, PERS) : noun phrase (NUMB, PERS, nom). noun phrase (NUMB, PERS, CASE) : noun part (NUMB, PERS, CASE), [rel phrase]. noun phrase (plur, PERS, CASE) : noun part (NUMB, PERS, CASE), coordinator, noun phrase (NUMB1, PERS1, CASE). noun phrase (NUMB, third, CASE) : noun part (NUMB, third, CASE), (participle (TRAN, PREP, papl), CnO phrase (TRAN, PREP); circumstance). noun part (NUMB, third, CASE) : [ART (NUMB)], noun group (NUMB, CASE); DET (NUMB), ["of "], noun group (NUMB, CASE); noun group (NUMB1, gen), noun group (NUMB, CASE); number (NUMB), noun group (NUMB, CASE); POSS PRON, noun group (NUMB, CASE). noun part (sing, third, CASE) : "what ", SVCnO phrase; "that ", SVCO phrase; ["not "], participle (TRAN, PREP, prpl), CO phrase (TRAN, PREP); "to ", infinitive (TRAN, PREP), CO phrase (TRAN, PREP). noun part (NUMB, PERS, CASE) : number (NUMB), "of ", noun part (NUMB, PERS, CASE); PERS PRON (NUMB, PERS, CASE). noun group (NUMB, CASE) : adjective phrase, noun group (NUMB, CASE); participle (TRAN, PREP, prpl|papl), noun group (NUMB, CASE); NOUN (NUMB, CASE); NOUN (NUMB1, nom), NOUN (NUMB, CASE). rel phrase : REL PRON (nom), VCO phrase (NUMB, PERS); REL PRON (gen), oSVC phrase; preposition (PREP), REL PRON (dat), SVOnC phrase (PREP); REL PRON (dat), SVOnC phrase (PREP), preposition (PREP); REL PRON (dat), SVOnC phrase (to); SVOnC phrase (PREP), preposition (PREP); [REL PRON (acc)], SVCnO phrase. oSVC phrase : object without determiner, SVCnO phrase. object compl (PREP) : preposition (PREP), noun phrase (NUMB, PERS, dat). indirect object (PREP) : preposition (PREP), noun phrase (NUMB, PERS, dat). indirect object (to) : noun phrase (NUMB, PERS, dat). modifier : preposition, (noun phrase (NUMB, PERS, dat) ; number (NUMB)). object without determiner : noun group (NUMB, acc). object : noun phrase (NUMB, PERS, acc). object (trav|ditr) : noun phrase (NUMB, PERS, acc). predicate : adjective phrase; noun phrase (NUMB, PERS, nom); circumstance; participle (TRAN, PREP, papl), CO phrase (TRAN, PREP). #--------------------------VERB PHRASE-------------------------# VOnC phrase (PREP, NUMB, PERS) : verb phrase (TRAN, PREP, TIME, NUMB, PERS), OnC phrase (TRAN); to be (TIME, NUMB, PERS), [predicate], [circumstance]. VCnO phrase (NUMB, PERS) : verb phrase (TRAX, PREP, TIME, NUMB, PERS), CnO phrase (TRAX, PREP); to be (TIME, NUMB, PERS), [circumstance]. VCO phrase (NUMB, PERS) : verb phrase (TRAN, PREP, TIME, NUMB, PERS), CO phrase (TRAN, PREP); to be (TIME, NUMB, PERS), [predicate], [circumstance]. CO phrase (intr, PREP) : [circumstance]. CO phrase (trav, PREP) : object, [circumstance]. CO phrase (ditr, PREP) : indirect object (PREP), object, [circumstance]; object, object compl (PREP), [circumstance]. CnO phrase (intr|trav, PREP) : [circumstance]. CnO phrase (ditr, PREP) : object compl (PREP), [circumstance]. # The following treatment of the verb-part is primitive, # # unorthogonal and highly unsatisfactory. # verb phrase (TRAN, PREP, TIME, NUMB, PERS) : [adverb], verb form (TRAN, PREP, TIME, NUMB, PERS); TO BE (TIME, NUMB, PERS), participle (TRAN, PREP, prpl); copula (TIME, NUMB, PERS), "to ", infinitive (TRAN, PREP); auxv (TIME, NUMB, PERS), infinitive (TRAN, PREP); TO HAVE (TIME, NUMB, PERS), participle (TRAN, PREP, papl); TO HAVE (TIME, NUMB, PERS), [adverb], TO BE (papl), participle (TRAN, PREP, prpl). verb phrase (intr, PREP, TIME, NUMB, PERS) : TO BE (TIME, NUMB, PERS), participle (trav, PREP, papl); TO HAVE (TIME, NUMB, PERS), [adverb], TO BE (papl), participle (trav, PREP, papl). xSvCO phrase : TO BE (TIME, NUMB, PERS), subject (NUMB, PERS), participle (TRAN, PREP, prpl), CO phrase (TRAN, PREP); TO BE (TIME, NUMB, PERS), subject (NUMB, PERS), participle (trav, PREP, papl), CO phrase (intr, PREP); TO HAVE (TIME, NUMB, PERS), subject (NUMB, PERS), participle (TRAN, PREP, papl), CO phrase (TRAN, PREP); TO HAVE (TIME, NUMB, PERS), subject (NUMB, PERS), [adverb], TO BE (papl), participle (TRAN, PREP, prpl), CO phrase (TRAN, PREP); TO HAVE (TIME, NUMB, PERS), subject (NUMB, PERS), [adverb], TO BE (papl), participle (trav, PREP, papl), CO phrase (intr, PREP). vSvCO phrase : auxv (TIME, NUMB, PERS), subject (NUMB, PERS), infinitive (TRAN, PREP), CO phrase (TRAN, PREP); to be (TIME, NUMB, PERS), subject (NUMB, PERS), [predicate], [circumstance]; TO HAVE (TIME, NUMB, PERS), subject (NUMB, PERS), participle (TRAX, PREP, papl), CO phrase (TRAN, PREP). vSvCnO phrase : auxv (TIME, NUMB, PERS), subject (NUMB, PERS), infinitive (TRAX, PREP), CnO phrase (TRAX, PREP); TO BE (TIME, NUMB, PERS), subject (NUMB, PERS), participle (TRAX, PREP, prpl), CnO phrase (TRAN, PREP); TO HAVE (TIME, NUMB, PERS), subject (NUMB, PERS), participle (TRAX, PREP, papl), CnO phrase (TRAN, PREP). vSvOnC phrase (PREP) : auxv (TIME, NUMB, PERS), subject (NUMB, PERS), infinitive (TRAN, PREP), [object (TRAN)], [preposition (PREP)], [circumstance]; TO BE (TIME, NUMB, PERS), subject (NUMB, PERS), participle (TRAN, PREP, prpl), OnC phrase (TRAN); TO HAVE (TIME, NUMB, PERS), subject (NUMB, PERS), participle (TRAN, PREP, papl), OnC phrase (TRAN). OnC phrase (TRAN) : [object (TRAN)], [circumstance]. #--------------------------ADJECTIVE PHRASE--------------------# adjective phrase : [adverb], ADJE (abso); "so ", adjective phrase, ["that ", SVCO phrase]; "as ", ADJE (abso), "as ", noun phrase (NUMB, PERS, CASE); "more ", ADJE (abso), ["than ", noun phrase (NUMB, PERS, CASE)]; ADJE (comp), ["than ", noun phrase (NUMB, PERS, CASE)]; "most ", ADJE (abso); ADJE (supl). adverb : ADVB. #--------------------------NUMBERS-----------------------------# number (sing) : "one "; digit (ci). number (plur) : "zero "; thousands; hundreds; tens, [digits]; twens; mores; digit (allten), numeral; digit (cc|cii|ciii|civ|cv|cvi|cvii|cviii|cix). allten :: cc | ci | cii | ciii | civ | cv | cvi | cvii | cviii | cix. numeral : digit (allten), [numeral]. digit (cc) : "0 ". digit (ci) : "1 ". digit (cii) : "2 ". digit (ciii) : "3 ". digit (civ) : "4 ". digit (cv) : "5 ". digit (cvi) : "6 ". digit (cvii) : "7 ". digit (cviii) : "8 ". digit (cix) : "9 ". thousands : [singles], "thousand ", (hundreds ; tens ; singles ; ). hundreds : [singles], "hundred ", (["and "], tens ; ["and "], singles ; ). tens : "twenty "; "thirty "; "fourty "; "fifty "; "sixty "; "seventy "; "eighty "; "ninety ". singles : digits; twens. twens : "ten "; "eleven "; "twelve "; "thirteen "; "fourteen "; "fifteen "; "sixteen "; "seventeen "; "eighteen "; "nineteen ". digits : "one "; mores. mores : "two "; "three "; "four "; "five "; "six "; "seven "; "eight "; "nine ". #--------------------------MORPHOLOGY--------------------------# # or, rather, interface to the lexicon # auxv (TIME, NUMB, PERS) : AUXV (TIME), ["not "]. verb form (TRAN, PREP, prst, NUMB, first|secnd) : VERB I (TRAN, PREP). verb form (TRAN, PREP, prst, sing, third) : VERB S (TRAN, PREP). verb form (TRAN, PREP, prst, plur, third) : VERB I (TRAN, PREP). verb form (TRAN, PREP, past, NUMB, PERS) : VERB past (TRAN, PREP). verb form (TRAN, PREP, prpl) : VERB prpl (TRAN, PREP). verb form (TRAN, PREP, papl) : VERB papl (TRAN, PREP). copula (prst, NUMB, first|secnd) : COP I. copula (prst, sing, third) : COP S. copula (prst, plur, third) : COP I. copula (past, NUMB, PERS) : COP past. copula (infi) : COP I. infinitive (TRAN, PREP) : adverb, infinitive (TRAN, PREP); VERB I (TRAN, PREP); copula (infi), "to ", infinitive (TRAN, PREP); TO BE (infi), participle (TRAN, PREP, prpl); TO HAVE (infi), participle (TRAN, PREP, papl); TO HAVE (infi), TO BE (papl), participle (TRAN, PREP, prpl). infinitive (intr, PREP) : TO BE (infi), participle (trav, PREP, papl); TO HAVE (infi), TO BE (papl), participle (trav, PREP, papl). participle (TRAN, PREP, TENSE) : [adverb], verb form (TRAN, PREP, TENSE); [adverb], TO BE (TENSE). participle (TRAN, PREP, prpl) : TO HAVE (prpl), verb form (TRAN, PREP, papl). to be (TIME, NUMB, PERS) : TO BE (TIME, NUMB, PERS), ["not "]; copula (TIME, NUMB, PERS), ["not "], "to ", TO BE (infi); auxv (TIME, NUMB, PERS), ["not "], [copula (infi), "to "], (TO BE (infi) ; TO HAVE (infi), TO BE (papl)). #--------------------------LEXICON-----------------------------# ADJE (abso) : "good "; "sad "; "happy "; "big "; "nice "; "small "; "little "; "long "; "red "; "indian ". ADJE (comp) : "better "; "sadder "; "happier "; "bigger "; "nicer "; "smaller "; "longer "; "redder ". ADJE (supl) : "best "; "saddest "; "happiest "; "biggest "; "nicest "; "smallest "; "longest "; "reddest ". ADVB : "soon "; "often "; "sometimes "; "never "; "seldom "; "always "; "clearly "; "rather ". AUXV (prst) : "can "; "will "; "shall "; "ought ", "to "; "must "; "may "; "wont "; "do ". AUXV (past) : "could "; "would "; "should "; "did "; "didnt ". ART (sing) : "a "; "an ". ART (NUMB) : "the ". COP I : "like "; "seem "; "appear ". COP S : "likes "; "seems "; "appears ". COP past : "liked "; "seemed "; "appeared ". DET (sing) : "any "; "this "; "that "; "every "; "each "; "many ", "a ". DET (plur) : "some "; "many "; "all ", ["the "]; ["all "], "these "; ["all "], "those ". DET (NUMB) : "no ". preposition (to) : "to ". preposition (at) : "at ". preposition (from) : "from ". preposition : "for "; "to "; "from "; "in front of "; "before "; "after "; "behind "; "at "; "with "; "by "; "of "; "in "; "since "; "without "; "within "; "like ". NOUN (sing, nom|dat|acc) : "man "; "woman "; "arrow "; "boy "; "girl "; "teacher "; "indian "; "book "; "pencil "; "mouse "; "hammer "; "watch "; "house "; "time "; "tree "; "fly "; "dollar "; "plane "; "sale "; "product "; "something "; "everything "; "nothing ". NOUN (sing, gen) : "man's "; "woman's "; "arrow's "; "boy's "; "girl's "; "teacher's "; "indian's "; "book's "; "pencil's "; "mouse's "; "hammer's "; "watch's "; "house's "; "time's "; "tree's "; "fly's "; "dollar's "; "plane's ". NOUN (plur, nom|dat|acc) : "books "; "pencils "; "mice "; "teeth "; "watches "; "houses "; "times "; "trees "; "flies "; "men "; "women "; "arrows "; "boys "; "girls "; "teachers "; "indians "; "dollars "; "planes "; "sales "; "products ". POSS PRON : "my "; "your "; "his "; "her "; "its "; "our "; "their ". VERB S (intr, none) : "sleeps "; "sneezes "; "weeps "; "flies "; "itches "; "grows old "; "brightens "; "goes "; "walks ". VERB S (intr, to) : "lies "; "comes "; "listens ". VERB S (intr, at) : "looks ". VERB S (trav, none) : "hits "; "wants "; "sees "; "likes "; "loves "; "knows "; "gets "; "hates "; "times "; "flies "; "does "; "has "; "lists "; "produces ". VERB S (ditr, to) : "brings "; "gives "; "owes "; "shows "; "explains "; "lends "; "tells ". VERB S (ditr, from) : "asks ". VERB I (intr, none) : "sleep "; "sneeze "; "weep "; "itch "; "fly "; "grow old "; "brighten "; "go "; "walk ". VERB I (intr, to) : "lie "; "come "; "listen ". VERB I (intr, at) : "look ". VERB I (trav, none) : "hit "; "want "; "see "; "like "; "love "; "know "; "get "; "hate "; "time "; "fly "; "do "; "have "; "list "; "produce ". VERB I (ditr, to) : "bring "; "give "; "owe "; "show "; "explain "; "lend "; "tell ". VERB I (ditr, from) : "ask ". VERB past (intr, none) : "slept "; "sneezed "; "wept "; "itched "; "flew "; "grew old "; "brightened "; "went "; "walked ". VERB past (intr, to) : "lied "; "came "; "listened ". VERB past (intr, at) : "looked ". VERB past (trav, none) : "hit "; "wanted "; "saw "; "liked "; "loved "; "knew "; "got "; "hated "; "timed "; "flew "; "did "; "had "; "listed "; "produced ". VERB past (ditr, to) : "brought "; "gave "; "owed "; "showed "; "explained "; "lent "; "told ". VERB past (ditr, from) : "asked ". VERB prpl (intr, none) : "sleeping "; "sneezing "; "weeping "; "flying "; "itching "; "growing old "; "brightening "; "going "; "walking ". VERB prpl (intr, to) : "lying "; "coming "; "listening ". VERB prpl (intr, at) : "looking ". VERB prpl (trav, none) : "hitting "; "wanting "; "seeing "; "liking "; "loving "; "knowing "; "getting "; "hating "; "timing "; "flying "; "doing "; "having "; "listing "; "producing ". VERB prpl (ditr, to) : "bringing "; "giving "; "owing "; "showing "; "explaining "; "lending "; "telling ". VERB prpl (ditr, from) : "asking ". VERB papl (intr, none) : "slept "; "sneezed "; "wept "; "flown "; "itched "; "grown old "; "brightened "; "gone "; "walked ". VERB papl (intr, to) : "lied "; "come "; "listened ". VERB papl (intr, at) : "looked ". VERB papl (trav, none) : "hit "; "wanted "; "seen "; "liked "; "loved "; "known "; "got "; "hated "; "timed "; "flown "; "done "; "had "; "listed "; "produced ". VERB papl (ditr, to) : "brought "; "given "; "owed "; "shown "; "explained "; "lent "; "told ". VERB papl (ditr, from) : "asked ". PERS PRON (sing, first, nom) : "I ". PERS PRON (NUMB, secnd, CASE) : "you ". PERS PRON (sing, third, nom) : "he "; "she ". PERS PRON (sing, third, CASE) : "it "; "this "; "that "; "Mary "; "Jim ". PERS PRON (plur, first, nom) : "we ". PERS PRON (plur, third, nom) : "they ". PERS PRON (sing, first, dat|acc) : "me "; "myself ". PERS PRON (sing, secnd, dat|acc) : "yourself ". PERS PRON (sing, third, dat|acc) : "him "; "her "; "himself "; "herself ". PERS PRON (plur, first, dat|acc) : "us "; "ourselves ". PERS PRON (plur, secnd, dat|acc) : "yourselves ". PERS PRON (plur, third, dat|acc) : "them "; "themselves ". REL PRON (nom) : "who ". REL PRON (nom|acc) : "that "; "which ". REL PRON (gen) : "whose ". REL PRON (dat|acc) : "whom ". TO BE (prst, sing, first) : "am ". TO BE (prst, NUMB, secnd) : "are ". TO BE (prst, sing, third) : "is ". TO BE (prst, plur, first|third) : "are ". TO BE (past, sing, first|third) : "was ". TO BE (past, NUMB, secnd) : "were ". TO BE (past, plur, first|third) : "were ". TO BE (infi) : "be ". TO BE (prpl) : "being ". TO BE (papl) : "been ". TO HAVE (prst, sing, first) : "have ". TO HAVE (prst, NUMB, secnd) : "have ". TO HAVE (prst, sing, third) : "has ". TO HAVE (prst, plur, first|third) : "have ". TO HAVE (past, NUMB, PERS) : "had ". TO HAVE (prpl) : "having ". TO HAVE (infi) : "have ".